స్పానిష్ భాష
ఈ వ్యాసాన్ని పూర్తిగా అనువదించి, తరువాత ఈ మూసను తీసివేయండి. అనువాదం చేయాల్సిన వ్యాస భాగం ఒకవేళ ప్రధాన పేరుబరిలో వున్నట్లయితే పాఠ్యం సవరించు నొక్కినప్పుడు కనబడవచ్చు. అనువాదం పూర్తయినంతవరకు ఎర్రలింకులు లేకుండా చూడాలంటే ప్రస్తుత ఆంగ్ల కూర్పుని, భాషల లింకుల ద్వారా చూడండి(అనువాదకులకు వనరులు) |
స్పానిష్ లేక కస్తీలియన్ (castellano) ఒక రోమనుల భాష. ఇది ఉత్తర స్పెయిన్లో మొదలై, కస్తీల్ సామ్రాజ్యం ద్వారా విస్తరించబడి, పాలనా వ్యవహారాలు నెరపడంలోను, వ్యాపార సంబంధాలలోను ప్రధాన భాషగా వృద్ధి చెందింది. తర్వాత ఈ భాష 15-19 శతాబ్దాల మధ్య స్పానిష్ సామ్రాజ్య విస్తరణతో అమెరికా,ఆఫ్రికా మరియూ స్పానిష్ ఈస్టిండీస్లకు వ్యాపించింది.
ప్రస్తుతం 40 కోట్లకు పైగా ప్రజలు స్పానిష్ ను మాతృభాషగా మాట్లాడతారు. ఆ విధంగా ఈ భాష ప్రపంచంలో ఎక్కువగా మాట్లాడే భాషల జాబితాలో రెండవ లేక మూడవ స్థానంలో నిలుస్తుంది. మెక్సికోలో స్పానిష్ మాట్లాడే ప్రజలు ఎక్కువగా ఉన్నారు.
స్పానిష్ ప్రాథమిక భాషగా మాట్లాడే దేశాలతో ఉన్న ఆర్థిక, సామాజిక సంబంధాలు, పర్యాటక ఆసక్తి వలన, ద్వితీయ లేదా తృతీయ భాషగా అనేక దేశాలలో స్పానిష్ భాష యొక్క ప్రాచుర్యం పెరుగుతున్నది. ఈ పరిణామాన్ని ముఖ్యంగా బ్రెజిల్, అమెరికా, ఇటలీ, ఫ్రాన్స్, పోర్చుగల్ దేశాలలోనూ, సాధారణంగా ఆంగ్ల ప్రభావిత దేశాలన్నింటిలోనూ గమనించవచ్చు.
పేరు, వ్యుత్పత్తి
మార్చుస్పానిష్ వాళ్ళు ఫ్రెంచి, ఇంగ్లీషు భాషలతో పోల్చేటప్పుడు తమ భాషను ఎస్పాన్యోల్ español అని, స్పెయిన్ లో మాట్లాడే ఇతర భాషలైన గలీషియన్, బస్క్ మరియూ కాటలాన్లతో పోల్చేటప్పుడు కాస్టెలానో (కస్తీలియన్) (కస్తీల్ ప్రాంతపు వారి భాష) అని పిలుస్తారు. అమెరికా ఖండపు హిస్పానిక్ దేశాలలో వారి ఇష్టానుసారంగా రెండింటిలో ఒక పేరును అధికారిక నామంగా స్వీకరించడానికి ఇదే తరహా హేతువున్నది. ఇదే పద్ధతిలో 1978 స్పెయిన్ రాజ్యాంగము మొత్తం దేశం యొక్క అధికారిక భాషను నిర్వచించడానికి ఇతర స్పానిష్ భాషలకు విరుద్ధంగా కాస్టెలానో అన్న పదాన్ని ఉపయోగిస్తుంది. రాజ్యంగం యొక్క మూడవ అధికరణం ఈ విధంగా చదువుతుంది:
| “ | [El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. (…) Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas…] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) కస్తీలియన్ దేశం యొక్క అధికారిక స్పానిష్ భాష. (…) ఇతర స్పానిష్ భాషలు కూడా ఆయా స్వయంప్రతిపత్త ప్రదేశాలలో అధికార భాషలుగా ఉంటాయి… |
” |
The name Castellano (Castilian), which refers directly to the origins of the Language and the sociopolitical context in which it was introduced in the Americas, is preferred in Argentina, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Chile, instead of español, which is more commonly used to refer to the language as a whole in the rest of Latin America.
Some Spanish speakers consider castellano a generic term with no political or ideological links, much as "Spanish" is in English.
భౌగోళిక విభజన
మార్చుస్పానిష్ ఐక్యరాజ్యసమితి, ఐరోపా సమాఖ్య, అమెరికా దేశాల సంస్థ, ఐబెరో-అమెరికన్ దేశాల సంస్థ, ఆఫ్రికా సమాఖ్య, దక్షిణ అమెరికా దేశాల సమాఖ్య, లాటిన్ సమాఖ్య, కారికామ్, ఉత్తర అమెరికా స్వేఛ్ఛా వాణిజ్య ఒప్పందం, అంటార్కిటాకా ఒప్పందం వంటి బహుళ దేశ సంస్థలలో ఒక అధికారిక భాషగా ఆమోదించబడింది
హిస్పానోగోళము
మార్చుస్పానిష్ ప్రాథమిక భాషగా మాట్లాడేవారితో పాటు ద్వితీయ, తృతీయ భాషలుగా మాట్లాడేవారి సంఖ్యను కూడా కలుపుకొని మొత్తం 35 కోట్ల ప్రజలు స్పానిష్ మాట్లాడతారని అంచనా. ఈ అంచనా ప్రకారం ప్రపంచంలో ఎక్కువమంది మాట్లాడే భాషలో మూడవదిగా ఇంగ్లీషు, చైనీసుల తర్వాత స్థానాన్ని ఆక్రమించుకుంటున్నది.[1][2]
ప్రస్తుతం, స్పానిష్ స్పెయిన్తో పాటు చాలామటుకు లాటిన్ అమెరికా దేశాలు, ఈక్వటోరియల్ గ్వినియాలో అధికార భాష. ఇరవై దేశాలలో స్పానిష్ ను ప్రాథమిక భాషగా ఉపయోగిస్తున్నారు. అంతేకాక స్పానిక్ ఐక్యరాజ్యసమితి యొక్క ఆరు అధికార భాషలలో ఒకటి. అమెరికా సంయుక్త రాష్ట్రాలలో ఇంగ్లీషు తర్వాత అత్యంత విరివిగా మాట్లాడే భాష.[3] అమెరికా పాఠశాలలు, విశ్వవిద్యాలయాలలో అత్యంత విరివిగా అధ్యయనం చేసే విదేశీ భాష.[4][5] 2007లో వెలువడిన ప్రపంచవ్యాప్త ఇంటర్నెట్ వాడుక గణాంకాల ప్రకారం ఇంటర్నెట్లో అత్యంత విరివిగా ఉపయోగించే భాషలలో ఇంగ్లీషు, చైనీస్ తర్వాత మూడవ స్థానంలో ఉంది.[6]
ఐరోపా
మార్చుస్పానిష్ స్పెయిన్ దేశపు అధికార భాష. స్పెయిన్ దేశం స్పానిష్ భాషకు పుట్టిల్లు అంతేకాక దాని పేరు కూడా స్పానిష్ భాష పేరుమీదనే ఏర్పడింది. జిబ్రాల్టర్ దేశపు అధికార భాష ఇంగ్లీషే [7] అయినా స్పానిష్ కూడా మాట్లాడుతారు. అలాగే ఆండొరా దేశంలో కాటలాన్ అధికార భాష అయినా స్పానిష్ కూడా చలామణిలో ఉంది. ఐరోపా సముదాయంలోని ఇతర దేశాలలో కూడా స్పానిష్ భాషకు తగినంత ఆదరణ ఉంది. ఉదాహరణకు ఇంగ్లాండు, ఫ్రాన్స్, జర్మని [8] దేశాలలో స్పానిష్ భాష వాడుకలో ఉంది. స్పానిష్ ఐరోపా సముదాయపు అధికార భాష. స్విట్జర్లాండులో అధికార 4 భాషల తర్వాతి స్థానం, 1.7% జనాభా మాట్లాడే భాష స్పానిష్.
అమెరికాలు
మార్చులాటిన్ అమెరికా
మార్చుMost Spanish speakers are in Latin America స్పానిష్ మాట్లాడెవారు ఎక్కువగా లాటిన్ ఆమెరికాలో నివసిస్తారు.; of all countries with majority Spanish speakers, only Spain and Equatorial Guinea are outside of the Americas. Mexico has the most native speakers of any country. Nationally, Spanish is the —de facto or de jure— official language of Argentina, Bolivia (co-official Quechua and Aymara), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay (co-official Guaraní[9]), Peru (co-official Quechua and, in some regions, Aymara), Uruguay, and Venezuela. Spanish is also the official language (co-official with English) in the U.S. commonwealth of Puerto Rico.[10]
Spanish has no official recognition in the former British colony of Belize; however, per the 2000 census, it is spoken by 43% of the population.[11][12] Mainly, it is spoken by Hispanic descendants who remained in the region since the 17th century; however, English is the official language.[13]
Spain colonized Trinidad and Tobago first in 1498, leaving the Carib people the Spanish language. Also the Cocoa Panyols, laborers from Venezuela, took their culture and language with them; they are accredited with the music of "Parang" ("Parranda") on the island. Because of Trinidad's location on the South American coast, the country is much influenced by its Spanish-speaking neighbors. A recent census shows that more than 1,500 inhabitants speak Spanish.[14] In 2004, the government launched the Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005.[15] Government regulations require Spanish to be taught, beginning in primary school, while thirty percent of public employees are to be linguistically competent within five years.[14] The government also announced that Spanish will be the country's second official language by 2020, beside English.[ఆధారం చూపాలి]
Spanish is important in Brazil because of its proximity to and increased trade with its Spanish-speaking neighbors; for example, as a member of the Mercosur trading bloc.[16] In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President, making Spanish language teaching mandatory in both public and private secondary schools.[17] In many border towns and villages (especially on the Uruguayan-Brazilian border), a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken.[18]
యునైటెడ్ స్టేట్స్
మార్చుIn the 2006 census, 44.3 million people of the U.S. population were Hispanic or Latino by origin;[19] 34 million people, 12.2 percent, of the population older than 5 years old speak Spanish at home.[20] Spanish has a long history in the United States (many south-western states and Florida were part of Mexico and Spain), and it recently has been revitalized by Hispanic immigrants. Spanish is the most widely taught foreign language in the country.[21] Although the United States has no formally designated "official languages," Spanish is formally recognized at the state level in various states besides English; in the U.S. state of New Mexico for instance, 30% of the population speaks the language. It also has strong influence in metropolitan areas such as Los Angeles, Miami, San Antonio, New York City, and in the 2000s the language has rapidly expanded in Atlanta, Houston, Phoenix and other major Sun-Belt cities. Spanish is the dominant spoken language in Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory. In total, the U.S. has the world's fifth-largest Spanish-speaking population.[22]
ఆఫ్రికా
మార్చుIn Africa, Spanish is official in Equatorial Guinea (co-official French and Portuguese). Today, in Western Sahara, nearly 200,000 refugee Sahrawis are able to read and write in Spanish,[23] and several thousands have received university education in foreign countries as part of aid packages (mainly Cuba and Spain). In Equatorial Guinea, Spanish is the predominant language when counting native and non-native speakers (around 500,000 people), while Fang is the most spoken language by a number of native speakers.[24][25] It is also spoken in the Spanish cities in continental North Africa (Ceuta and Melilla) and in the autonomous community of Canary Islands (143,000 and 1,995,833 people, respectively). Within Northern Morocco, a former Franco-Spanish protectorate that is also geographically close to Spain, approximately 20,000 people speak Spanish.[26] It is spoken by some communities of Angola, because of the Cuban influence from the Cold War, and in Nigeria by the descendants of Afro-Cuban ex-slaves. ఆఫ్రికెలో స్పానిష్ అధికార భాష.
ఆసియా
మార్చుSpanish was an official language of the Philippines since the early days of Spanish colonization in the 16th century, until the change of Constitution in 1973. During most of the colonial period it was the language of government, trade and education, and spoken mainly by Spaniards living in the islands and educated Filipinos. However, by the mid 19th century a free public school system in Spanish was established throughout the islands, which increased the numbers of Spanish speakers rapidly. Following the U.S. occupation and administration of the islands, the importance of Spanish fell, especially after the 1920s. The US authorities' imposition of English as the medium of instruction in schools and universities coupled with the prohibition of Spanish in media and educational institutions gradually reduced the importance of the language. After the country became independent in 1946, Spanish remained an official language along with English and Tagalog-based Filipino. However, the language lost its official status in 1973 during the Ferdinand Marcos administration. Under the Corazon Aquino administration which took office in 1986, the mandatory teaching of Spanish in colleges and universities was also stopped, and thus, younger generations of Filipinos have little or no knowledge of Spanish as compared to the older generations. However, the Spanish language retains a large influence in local languages, with many words coming from or being derived from Spanish.[27]
ఓషియానియా
మార్చుAmong the countries and territories in Oceania, Spanish is also spoken in Easter Island, a territorial possession of Chile. According to the 2001 census, there are approximately 95,000 speakers of Spanish in Australia, 44,000 of which live in Greater Sydney [ఆధారం చూపాలి], where the older Mexican, Colombian, Spanish, and Chilean populations and newer Argentine, Salvadoran and Uruguayan communities live.[ఆధారం చూపాలి]
The U.S. Territories of Guam, Palau, Northern Marianas, and the independent associated U.S. Territory of Marshall Islands and Federated States of Micronesia all once had Spanish speakers, since Marianas and Caroline Islands were Spanish colonial possessions until late 19th century (see Spanish-American War), but Spanish has since been forgotten. It now only exists as an influence on the local native languages and spoken by Hispanic American resident populations.
మాండలికాల వేరియేషన్
మార్చుThere are important variations among the regions of Spain and throughout Spanish-speaking America. In some countries in Hispanophone America, it is preferable to use the word castellano to distinguish their version of the language from that of Spain[ఆధారం చూపాలి], thus asserting their autonomy and national identity. In Spain, the Castilian dialect's pronunciation is commonly regarded as the national standard, although a use of slightly different pronouns called [[[Loísmo|laísmo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) of this dialect is deprecated. More accurately, for nearly everyone in Spain, "standard Spanish" means, "pronouncing everything exactly as it is written,"[ఆధారం చూపాలి] an ideal which does not correspond to any real dialect, though the northern dialects are the closest to it. In practice, the standard way of speaking Spanish in the media is "written Spanish" for formal speech, "Madrid dialect" (one of the transitional variants between Castilian and Andalusian) for informal speech.[ఆధారం చూపాలి]. The variety with the most number of speakers is Mexican Spanish, making up nearly a third of Spanish speakers.[ఆధారం చూపాలి]
వోసియో
మార్చుSpanish has three second-person singular en:pronouns: [tú] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [usted] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), and [vos] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). The use of the pronoun [vos] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) and/or its verb forms is called [voseo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help).
వ్యాకరణం
మార్చు[Vos] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) is the subject form [(vos decís)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [you say] and the term of preposition (a vos digo) [to you I say], while "os" is the form of the direct complement [(os vi)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [I saw you (all)] and of the indirect complement without the preposition [(os digo)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [I say to you (all)].[28]
The verb always goes in the second-person plural even though we addressed only one speaker:
«Han luchado, añadió dirigiéndose a Tarradellas, [...] por mantenerse fieles a las instituciones que vos representáis» (GaCandau Madrid-Barça [Esp. 1996]).
Like the possessive employs the form [vuestro] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help): [Admiro vuestra valentía, señora] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). The adjectives referred to the person or people to whom we address have established the correspondent agreement in gender and number: [Vos, don Pedro, sois caritativo; Vos, bellas damas, sois ingeniosas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help).[28]
The more commonly known American dialectal form of voseo uses the pronominal or verbal forms of the second-person plural (or derivatives of these) to address only one speaker. This [voseo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) is appropriate to distinct regional or social varieties of American Spanish and on the contrary the reverential [voseo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), which implies closeness and familiarity.[28]
The [pronominal voseo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) employs the use of [vos] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) as a pronoun to replace [tú] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) and [de ti] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), which are second-person singular informal.
[28]
- As a subject [vos] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) employs: [«Puede que vos tengás razón» (Herrera Casa [Ven. 1985])] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) instead of [«Puede que tú tengas razón»] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
- As a vocative: [«¿Por qué la tenés contra Alvaro Arzú, vos?» (Prensa [Guat.] 3.4.97)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) instead of [«¿Por qué la tienes contra Alvaro Arzú, tú?»] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
- As a term of preposition: [«Cada vez que sale con vos, se enferma» (Penerini Aventura [Arg. 1999])] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) instead of [«Cada vez que sale contigo, se enferma»] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
- And as a term of comparison: [«Es por lo menos tan actor como vos» (Cuzzani Cortés [Arg. 1988])] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) instead of [«Es por lo menos tan actor como tú»] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
[28]
However, for the [pronombre átono ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (that which uses the pronominal verbs and its complements without preposition) and for the possessive, they employ the forms of [tuteo (te, tu, and tuyo)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), respectively: [«Vos te acostaste con el tuerto» (Gené Ulf [Arg. 1988]); «Lugar que odio [...] como te odio a vos» (Rossi María [C. Rica 1985]); «No cerrés tus ojos» (Flores Siguamonta [Guat. 1993]).] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) In other words, in the previous examples the authors conjugate the pronoun subject [vos] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) with the pronominal verbs and its complements of [tú] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help).[28]
The verbal [voseo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) consists of the use of the second person plural, more or less modified, for the conjugated forms of the second person singular: [tú vivís, vos comés] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). The verbal paradigm of [voseante] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) is characterized by its complexity. On the one hand, it affects, to a distinct extent, each verbal tense. On the other hand, it varies in functions of geographic and social factors and not all the forms are accepted in cultured norms.[28]
Extension of Voseo in Latin America
మార్చు[Vos] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) is used extensively as the primary spoken form of the second-person singular pronoun, although with wide differences in social consideration. Generally, it can be said that there are zones of exclusive use of [tuteo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) in the following areas: almost all of Mexico, the West Indies, Panama, the majority of Peru and Venezuela, and; the Atlantic cost of Colombia.
They alternate [tuteo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) as a cultured form and [voseo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) as a popular or rural form in: Bolivia, north and south of Peru, Ecuador, small zones of the Venezuelan Andes, a great part of Colombia, and the oriental border of Cuba.
[Tuteo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) exists as an intermediate formality of treatment and [voseo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) as a familiar treatment in: Chile, the Venezuelan state of Zulia, the Pacific coast of Colombia, Central America, and; the Mexican states of Tabasco and Chiapas.
Areas of generalized [voseo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) include Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay.
[28]
ఉస్తెదెస్
మార్చుSpanish forms also differ regarding second-person plural pronouns. The Spanish dialects of Latin America have only one form of the second-person plural for daily use, [ustedes] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (formal or familiar, as the case may be, though [vosotros] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) non-formal usage can sometimes appear in poetry and rhetorical or literary style). In Spain there are two forms — [ustedes] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (formal) and [vosotros] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (familiar). The pronoun [vosotros] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) is the plural form of [tú] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) in most of Spain, but in the Americas (and certain southern Spanish cities such as Cádiz and in the Canary Islands) it is replaced with [ustedes] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). It is notable that the use of [ustedes] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) for the informal plural "you" in southern Spain does not follow the usual rule for pronoun–verb agreement; e.g., while the formal form for "you go", [ustedes van] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), uses the third-person plural form of the verb, in Cádiz or Seville the informal form is constructed as [ustedes vais] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), using the second-person plural of the verb. In the Canary Islands, though, the usual pronoun–verb agreement is preserved in most cases.
పదకోశము
మార్చుSome words can be different, even embarrassingly so, in different Hispanophone countries. Most Spanish speakers can recognize other Spanish forms, even in places where they are not commonly used, but Spaniards generally do not recognise specifically American usages. For example, Spanish mantequilla, aguacate and albaricoque (respectively, "butter", "avocado", "apricot") correspond to manteca, palta, and damasco, respectively, in Peru, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. The everyday Spanish words coger (to catch, get, or pick up), pisar (to step on) and concha (seashell) are considered extremely rude in parts of Latin America, where the meaning of coger and pisar is also "to have sex" and concha means "vulva". The Puerto Rican word for "bobby pin" (pinche) is an obscenity in Mexico, and in Nicaragua simply means "stingy". Other examples include taco, which means "swearword" (among other meanings) in Spain but is known to the rest of the world as a Mexican dish. Pija in many countries of Latin America and Spain itself is an obscene slang word for "penis", while in Spain the word also signifies "posh girl" or "snobby". Coche, which means "car" in Spain, for the vast majority of Spanish-speakers actually means "baby-stroller", in Guatemala it means "pig", [ఆధారం చూపాలి] while carro means "car" in some Latin American countries and "cart" in others, as well as in Spain. Papaya is the slang term in Cuba for "vagina" therefore in Cuba when referring to the actual fruit Cubans call it fruta bomba instead.[29][30] Also, just how Americans use the term "dude" to refer to a friend or someone, Spanish also has its own slang, or "modismo", but varies in every country. For example, "dude" is "güey, mano, cuate or carnal" in Mexico, "mae" in Costa Rica, "tío" in Spain, "tipo" in Colombia, "hueón" in Chile and "chabón" in Argentina.
రియల్ అకాడెమియా
మార్చుThe [Real Academia Española] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (Royal Spanish Academy), together with the 21 other national ones (see Association of Spanish Language Academies), exercises a standardizing influence through its publication of dictionaries and widely respected grammar and style guides. Due to this influence and for other sociohistorical reasons, a standardized form of the language (Standard Spanish) is widely acknowledged for use in literature, academic contexts and the media.
వర్గీకరణ, సంబంధిత భాషలు
మార్చుSpanish is closely related to the other West Iberian Romance languages: Asturian, Galician, Ladino, Leonese and Portuguese. Catalan, an East Iberian language which exhibits many Gallo-Romance traits, is more similar to the neighboring Occitan language than to Spanish, or indeed than Spanish and Portuguese are to each other.
Spanish and Portuguese share similar grammars and vocabulary as well as a common history of Arabic influence while a great part of the peninsula was under Islamic rule (both languages expanded over Islamic territories). Their lexical similarity has been estimated as 89%.[31] See Differences between Spanish and Portuguese for further information.
Judaeo-Spanish
మార్చుJudaeo-Spanish (also known as Ladino), which is essentially medieval Spanish and closer to modern Spanish than any other language, is spoken by many descendants of the Sephardi Jews who were expelled from Spain in the 15th century. Ladino speakers are currently almost exclusively Sephardi Jews, with family roots in Turkey, Greece or the Balkans: current speakers mostly live in Israel and Turkey, with a few pockets in Latin America. It lacks the Native American vocabulary which was influential during the Spanish colonial period, and it retains many archaic features which have since been lost in standard Spanish. It contains, however, other vocabulary which is not found in standard Castilian, including vocabulary from Hebrew, some French, Greek and Turkish, and other languages spoken where the Sephardim settled.
Judaeo-Spanish is in serious danger of extinction because many native speakers today are elderly as well as elderly olim (immigrants to Israel) who have not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren. However, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardi communities, especially in music. In the case of the Latin American communities, the danger of extinction is also due to the risk of assimilation by modern Castilian.
A related dialect is Haketia, the Judaeo-Spanish of northern Morocco. This too tended to assimilate with modern Spanish, during the Spanish occupation of the region.
Vocabulary comparison
మార్చుSpanish and Italian share a very similar phonological system. At present, the lexical similarity with Italian is estimated at 82%.[31] As a result, Spanish and Italian are mutually intelligible to various degrees. The lexical similarity with Portuguese is greater, 89%, but the vagaries of Portuguese pronunciation make it less easily understood by Hispanophones than Italian is. Mutual intelligibility between Spanish and French or Romanian is even lower (lexical similarity being respectively 75% and 71%[31]): comprehension of Spanish by French speakers who have not studied the language is as low as an estimated 45% – the same as of English. The common features of the writing systems of the Romance languages allow for a greater amount of interlingual reading comprehension than oral communication would.
| Latin | Spanish | Galician | Portuguese | Catalan | Italian | French | Romanian | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [nos] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [nosotros] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [nós] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [nós] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)¹ | [nosaltres] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [noi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)² | [nous] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)³ | [noi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | we |
| [fratrem germānum (acc.)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (lit. "true brother", i.e. not a cousin) | [hermano] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [irmán] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [irmão] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [germà] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fratello] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [frère] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [frate] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | brother |
| [dies Martis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (Classical) [feria tertia] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
[martes] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [martes] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [terça-feira] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [dimarts] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [martedì] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mardi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [marți] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | Tuesday |
| [cantiō (nem, acc.), canticum] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [canción] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [canción] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [canção] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cançó] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [canzone] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [chanson] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cântec] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | song |
| [magis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) or [plus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [más] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (archaically also [plus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[máis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mais] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (archaically also [chus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[més] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (archaically also [pus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[più] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [plus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mai] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | more |
| [manum sinistram (acc.)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mano izquierda] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
also ([mano siniestra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[man esquerda] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mão esquerda] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) also (sinistra) (archaically also [sẽestra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[mà esquerra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mano sinistra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [main gauche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mâna stângă] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | left hand |
| [nihil] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) or [nullam rem natam (acc.)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (lit. "no thing born") |
[nada] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [nada] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)/[ren] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [nada] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (archaically also [rem] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[res] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [niente] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)/[nulla] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [rien] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)/[nul] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [nimic] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | nothing |
1. also [nós outros] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) in early modern Portuguese (e.g. The Lusiads)
2. [noi altri] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) in Southern Italian dialects and languages
3. Alternatively [nous autres] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
చరిత్ర
మార్చు
Spanish evolved from Vulgar Latin, with major influences from Arabic in vocabulary during the Andalusian period[32] and minor surviving influences from Basque and Celtiberian, as well as Germanic languages via the Visigoths. Spanish developed along the remote cross road strips among the Alava, Cantabria, Burgos, Soria and La Rioja provinces of Northern Spain (see Glosas Emilianenses), as a strongly innovative and differing variant from its nearest cousin, Leonese, with a higher degree of Basque influence in these regions (see Iberian Romance languages). Typical features of Spanish diachronical phonology include lenition (Latin [vita] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Spanish [vida] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), palatalization (Latin [annum] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Spanish [año] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), and Latin [anellum] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Spanish [anillo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) and diphthongation (stem-changing) of short e and o from Vulgar Latin (Latin [terra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Spanish [tierra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help); Latin [novus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Spanish [nuevo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)). Similar phenomena can be found in other Romance languages as well.
During the [Reconquista] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), this northern dialect from Cantabria was carried south, and remains a minority language in the northern coastal Morocco.
The first Latin-to-Spanish grammar ([Gramática de la Lengua Castellana] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) was written in Salamanca, Spain, in 1492, by Elio Antonio de Nebrija. When it was presented to Isabel de Castilla, she asked, "What do I want a work like this for, if I already know the language?", to which he replied, "Your highness, the language is the instrument of the Empire." [ఆధారం చూపాలి]
From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the Americas and the Spanish East Indies via Spanish colonization.
In the 20th century, Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara, and in areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as in Spanish Harlem, in New York City. For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see Influences on the Spanish language.
Characterization
మార్చుA defining feature of Spanish was the diphthongization of the Latin short vowels e and o into ie and ue, respectively, when they were stressed. Similar sound changes are found in other Romance languages, but in Spanish, they were significant. Some examples:
- Lat. [petra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) > Sp. [piedra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), It. [pietra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Fr. [pierre] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Rom. [piatrǎ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Port./Gal. [pedra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Cat. [pedra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) "stone".
- Lat. [moritur] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) > Sp. [muere] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), It. [muore] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Fr. [meurt] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) / [muert] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Rom. [moare] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Port./Gal. [morre] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Cat. [mor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) "die".
Peculiar to early Spanish (as in the Gascon dialect of Occitan, and possibly due to a Basque substratum) was the mutation of Latin initial f- into h- whenever it was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongate. Compare for instance:
- Lat. [filium] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) > It. [figlio] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Port. [filho] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Gal. [fillo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Fr. [fils] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Cat. [fill] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Occitan [filh] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (but Gascon [hilh] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) Sp. [hijo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (but Ladino [fijo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help));
- Lat. [fabulari] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) > Lad. [favlar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Port./Gal. [falar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Sp. [hablar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help);
- but Lat. [focum] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) > It. [fuoco] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Port./Gal. [fogo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Cat. [foc] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Sp./Lad. [fuego] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help).
Some consonant clusters of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, for example:
- Lat. [clamare] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), acc. [flammam] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [plenum] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) > Lad. [lyamar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [flama] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [pleno] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help); Sp. [llamar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [llama] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [lleno] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help). However, in Spanish there are also the forms [clamar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [flama] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [pleno] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help); Port. [chamar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [chama] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [cheio] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help); Gal. [chamar] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [chama] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [cheo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help).
- Lat. acc. [octo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [noctem] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [multum] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) > Lad. [ocho] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [noche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [muncho] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help); Sp. [ocho] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [noche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [mucho] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help); Port. [oito] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [noite] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [muito] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help); Gal. [oito] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [noite] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [moito] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help).
లేఖనా సాంప్రదాయం
మార్చుSpanish is written using the Latin alphabet, with the addition of the character ñ (eñe, representing the phoneme /ɲ/, a letter distinct from n, although typographically composed of an n with a tilde) and the digraphs ch ([che] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), representing the phoneme /tʃ/) and ll ([elle] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), representing the phoneme /ʎ/). However, the digraph rr ([erre fuerte] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), "strong r", [erre doble] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), "double r", or simply [erre] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), which also represents a distinct phoneme /r/, is not similarly regarded as a single letter. Since 1994, the digraphs ch and ll are to be treated as letter pairs for collation purposes, though they remain a part of the alphabet. Words with ch are now alphabetically sorted between those with ce and ci, instead of following cz as they used to, and similarly for ll.[33][34]
Thus, the Spanish alphabet has the following 29 letters:[35]
- a, b, c, ch, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, ll, m, n, ñ, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z.
With the exclusion of a very small number of regional terms such as México (see Toponymy of Mexico), pronunciation can be entirely determined from spelling. A typical Spanish word is stressed on the syllable before the last if it ends with a vowel (not including y) or with a vowel followed by n or s; it is stressed on the last syllable otherwise. Exceptions to this rule are indicated by placing an acute accent on the stressed vowel.
The acute accent is used, in addition, to distinguish between certain homophones, especially when one of them is a stressed word and the other one is a clitic: compare [el] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("the", masculine singular definite article) with [él] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("he" or "it"), or [te] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("you", object pronoun), [de] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (preposition "of" or "from"), and [se] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (reflexive pronoun) with [té] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("tea"), [dé] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("give") and [sé] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("I know", or imperative "be").
The interrogative pronouns ([qué] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [cuál] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [dónde] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [quién] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), etc.) also receive accents in direct or indirect questions, and some demonstratives ([ése] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [éste] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [aquél] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), etc.) can be accented when used as pronouns. The conjunction [o] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("or") is written with an accent between numerals so as not to be confused with a zero: e.g., [10 ó 20] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) should be read as [diez o veinte] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) rather than [diez mil veinte] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ("10,020"). Accent marks are frequently omitted in capital letters (a widespread practice in the early days of computers where only lowercase vowels were available with accents), although the RAE advises against this.
When u is written between g and a front vowel (e or i), if it should be pronounced, it is written with a diaeresis (ü) to indicate that it is not silent as it normally would be (e.g., cigüeña, "stork", is pronounced /θiˈɣweɲa/; if it were written cigueña, it would be pronounced /θiˈɣeɲa/.
Interrogative and exclamatory clauses are introduced with inverted question ( ¿ ) and exclamation ( ¡ ) marks.
శబ్దాలు
మార్చుThe phonemic inventory listed in the following table includes phonemes that are preserved only in some dialects, other dialects having merged them (such as yeísmo); these are marked with an asterisk (*). Sounds in parentheses are allophones. Where symbols appear in pairs, the symbol to the right represents a voiced consonant.
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
| Stop | p b | t d | tʃ (ɟʝ) | k g | ||
| Fricative | f (v) | *θ (ð) | s (z) | ʝ | x | |
| Approximant | (β̞) | (ð̞) | (ɣ˕) | |||
| Trill | r | |||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||
| Lateral | l | *ʎ | ||||
By the 16th century, the consonant system of Spanish underwent the following important changes that differentiated it from neighboring Romance languages such as Portuguese and Catalan:
- Initial /f/, when it had evolved into a vacillating /h/, was lost in most words (although this etymological h- is preserved in spelling and in some Andalusian dialects is still aspirated).
- The bilabial approximant /β̞/ (which was written u or v) merged with the bilabial occlusive /b/ (written b). There is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic b and v in contemporary Spanish, excepting emphatic pronunciations that cannot be considered standard or natural.
- The voiced alveolar fricative /z/ which existed as a separate phoneme in medieval Spanish merged with its voiceless counterpart /s/. The phoneme which resulted from this merger is currently spelled s.
- The voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ merged with its voiceless counterpart /ʃ/, which evolved into the modern velar sound /x/ by the 17th century, now written with j, or g before e, i. Nevertheless, in most parts of Argentina and in Uruguay, y and ll have both evolved to /ʒ/ or /ʃ/.
- The voiced alveolar affricate /dz/ merged with its voiceless counterpart /ts/, which then developed into the interdental /θ/, now written z, or c before e, i. But in Andalusia, the Canary Islands and the Americas this sound merged with /s/ as well. See Ceceo, for further information.
The consonant system of Medieval Spanish has been better preserved in Ladino and in Portuguese, neither of which underwent these shifts.
Lexical stress
మార్చుSpanish is a en:syllable-timed language, so each syllable has the same duration regardless of stress.[37][38] Stress most often occurs on any of the last three syllables of a word, with some rare exceptions at the fourth last. The tendencies of stress assignment are as follows:[39]
- In words ending in vowels and /s/, stress most often falls on the penultimate syllable.
- In words ending in all other consonants, the stress more often falls on the last syllable.
- Preantepenultimate stress occurs rarely and only in words like guardándoselos ('saving them for him/her') where a clitic follows certain verbal forms.
In addition to the many exceptions to these tendencies, there are numerous minimal pairs which contrast solely on stress such as sábana ('sheet') and sabana ('savannah'), as well as límite ('boundary'), limite ('[that] he/she limits') and limité ('I limited').
An amusing example of the significance of intonation in Spanish is the phrase ¿Cómo cómo como? ¡Como como como! ("What do you mean how do I eat? I eat the way I eat!").
వ్యాకరణము
మార్చుSpanish is a relatively inflected language, with a two-gender system and about fifty conjugated forms per verb, but limited inflection of nouns, adjectives, and determiners. (For a detailed overview of verbs, see Spanish verbs and Spanish irregular verbs.)
It is right-branching, uses prepositions, and usually, though not always, places adjectives after nouns. Its syntax is generally Subject Verb Object, though variations are common. It is a pro-drop language (allows the deletion of pronouns when pragmatically unnecessary) and verb-framed.
ఉదాహరణలు
మార్చు| ఆంగ్లము | తెలుగు | స్పానిష్ | IPA phonemic transcription (abstract phonemes) 1 |
IPA phonetic transcription (actual sounds) 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| స్పానిష్ |
[Español] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/es.paˈɲol/ |
[e̞s̺.päˈɲo̞l] [e̞s̻.päˈɲo̞l] | |
| (Castilian) Spanish |
[castellano] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/kas.teˈʎa.no/ /kas.teˈʝa.no/ |
[käs̪.t̪e̞ˈʎä.no̞] [käs̪.t̪e̞ˈʝ̞ä.no̞] [käh.t̪e̞ˈʒä.no̞] | |
| ఆంగ్లం |
[Inglés] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/iNˈgles/ 3 |
[ĩŋˈgle̞s̺] [ĩŋˈgle̞s̻] | |
| Yes |
అవును | [Sí] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/ˈsi/ |
[ˈs̺i] [ˈs̻i] |
| No | కాదు | [No] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | /ˈno/ | [ˈno̞] |
| Hello | నమస్కారము | [Hola] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | /ˈo.la/ | [ˈo̞.lä] |
| How are you? | ఎలా ఉన్నరు | [¿Cómo estás (tú)?] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (informal) [¿Cómo está (usted)?] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (formal) |
/ˈko.mo esˈtas/ |
[ˈko̞.mo̞ e̞s̪ˈt̪äs̺] [ˈko̞.mo̞ e̞s̪ˈt̪äs̻] [ˈko̞.mo̞ ɛhˈt̪æ̞h] |
| Good morning |
సుభోదయము | [Buenos días] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/ˈbue.nos ˈdi.as/ |
[ˈbwe̞.no̞z̪ ˈð̞i.äs̺] [ˈbwe̞.no̞z̪ ˈð̞i.äs̻] [ˈbwɛ.nɔh ˈð̞i.æ̞h] |
| Good afternoon/evening |
సుభో మధ్యానము / సాయంత్రము | [Buenas tardes] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/ˈbue.nas ˈtaR.des/ 3 |
[ˈbwe̞.näs̪ ˈt̪äɾ.ð̞e̞s̺] [ˈbwe̞.näs̪ ˈt̪äɾ.ð̞e̞s̻] [ˈbwɛ.næ̞h ˈt̪æ̞ɾ.ð̞ɛh] |
| Good night |
సుభొరాత్రి | [Buenas noches] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/ˈbue.nas ˈno.tʃes/ |
[ˈbwe̞.näs̺ ˈno̞.tʃe̞s̺] [ˈbwe̞.näs̻ ˈno̞.tʃe̞s̻] [ˈbwɛ.næ̞h ˈnɔ.tʃɛh] |
| Goodbye |
[Adiós] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/aˈdios/ |
[äˈð̞jo̞s̺] [äˈð̞jo̞s̻] [æ̞ˈð̞jɔh] | |
| Please | దయచేసి | [Por favor] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | /poR faˈboR/ 3 | [po̞r fäˈβ̞o̞r] |
| Thank you |
ధన్యవాదాలు | [Gracias] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/ˈgRa.θias/ 3 /ˈgRa.sias/ 3 |
[ˈgɾä.θjäs̺] [ˈgɾä.s̻jäs̻] [ˈgɾ æ̞.s̻jæ̞h] |
| Excuse me |
[Perdón] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/peRˈdoN/ 3 |
[pe̞ɾˈð̞õ̞n] [pe̞ɾˈð̞õ̞ŋ] | |
| I am sorry |
నన్ను క్షమించండి | [Lo siento] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/lo ˈsieN.to/ 3; |
[lo̞ ˈs̺jẽ̞n̪.t̪o̞] [lo̞ ˈs̻jẽ̞n̪.t̪o̞] |
| Hurry! (informal) |
తొందరగా | [¡Date prisa!] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [¡Apúrate!] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/ˈda.te ˈpRi.sa/ 3 |
[ˈd̪ä.t̪e̞ ˈpɾi.s̺ä] [ˈd̪ä.t̪e̞ ˈpɾi.s̻ä] |
| Because | ఎందుకంటే | [Porque] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | /ˈpoR.ke/ 3 | [ˈpo̞r.ke̞] |
| Why? | ఎందుకు | [¿Por qué?] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | /poR ˈke/ 3 | [po̞r ˈke̞] |
| Who? |
ఎవరు | [¿Quién?] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/ˈkieN/ 3 |
[ˈkjẽ̞n] [ˈkjẽ̞ŋ] |
| What? | ఏంటి | [¿Qué?] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | /ˈke/ | [ˈke̞] |
| When? | ఎప్పుడు | [¿Cuándo?] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | /ˈkuaN.do/ 3 | [ˈkwãn̪.d̪o̞] |
| Where? | ఎక్కడ | [¿Dónde?] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | /ˈdoN.de/ 3 | [ˈdõ̞n̪.d̪e̞] |
| How? | ఎలా | [¿Cómo?] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | /ˈko.mo/ | [ˈko̞.mo̞] |
| How much? | ఎంత | [¿Cuánto?] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | /ˈkuaN.to/ 3 | [ˈkwãn̪.t̪o̞] |
| I do not understand | నాకు అర్థం కాలేదు | [No entiendo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | /no eNˈtieN.do/ 3 | [nŏ̞ ẽ̞n̪ˈt̪jẽ̞n̪.d̪o̞] |
| Help me (please) (formal) Help me! (informal) |
[Ayúdeme ¡Ayúdame! ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/aˈʝu.de.me//aˈʝu.da.me/ | [äˈʝ̞u.ð̞e̞.me̞] [äˈʒu.ð̞e̞.me̞] [äˈʝ̞u.ð̞ä.me̞] [äˈʒu.ð̞ä.me̞] | |
| Where is the bathroom? |
సౌచాలయం ఎక్కడ | [¿Dónde está el baño?] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/ˈdoN.de esˈta el ˈba.ɲo] 3 |
[ˈdõ̞n̪.d̪e̞ e̞s̪ˈt̪ä ĕ̞l ˈbä.ɲo̞] [ˈdõ̞n̪ d̪ɛhˈt̪ä ĕ̞l ˈβ̞ä.ɲo̞] |
| Do you speak English? (informal) |
మీరు ఆంగ్లం మాట్లాడగలరా ? | [¿Hablas inglés?] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/ˈa.blas iNˈgles/ 3 |
[ˈä.β̞läs̺ ĩŋˈgle̞s̺] [ˈä.β̞läs̻ ĩŋˈgle̞s̻] [ˈæ̞.β̞læ̞h ĩŋˈglɛh] |
| Cheers! (toast) |
[¡Salud!] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
/saˈlud/ |
[s̺aˈluð̞] [s̻aˈlu(ð̞)] |
1 Phonemic representation of the abstract phonological entities (phonemes), 2 phonetic representation of the actual sounds pronounced (phones). In both cases, when several representations are given, the first one corresponds to the dialect in the recording (Castilian with yeísmo) and the rest to several other dialects not in the recording.
3 Capital /N/ and /R/ (non-standard IPA) are used here to represent the nasal and rhotic archiphonemes that neutralize the phonemic oppositions [m]-[n]-[ɲ] and [r]-[ɾ], respectively, in syllable coda and intra-cluster positions.
ఇవీ చూడండి
మార్చుLocal varieties
మార్చుమూలాలు
మార్చు- ↑ Universidad de México[unreliable source?]{{subst:Sup|(cached URL)}}<
- ↑ Instituto Cervantes ("El Mundo" news)
- ↑ "CIA The World Factbook United States". Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ↑ United States Census Bureau PDF (1.86 MB), Statistical Abstract of the United States: page 47: Table 47: Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2003
- ↑ Foreign Language Enrollments in United States Institutions of Higher Learning PDF (129 KB), MLA Fall 2002.
- ↑ "Internet World Users by Language". Miniwatts Marketing Group. 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ↑ "CIA World Factbook — Gibraltar". Archived from the original on 2018-04-12. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ↑ BBC Education — Languages, Languages Across Europe — Spanish.
- ↑ Ethnologue – Paraguay(2000). Guaraní is also the most-spoken language in Paraguay by its native speakers.
- ↑ "Puerto Rico Elevates English". the New York Times. 29 January 1993. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
- ↑ "Population Census 2000, Major Findings" (PDF). Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Budget Management, Belize. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-21. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ↑ Belize Population and Housing Census 2000
- ↑ "CIA World Factbook — Belize". Archived from the original on 2013-05-13. Retrieved 2009-06-03.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Williams, Carol J. (2005-08-30). "Trinidad Says It Needs Spanish to Talk Business". Los Angeles Times. p. A3. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
- ↑ "The Secretariat for The Implementation of Spanish, Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago". Archived from the original on 2010-11-03. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ↑ Mercosul, Portal Oficial Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine (Portuguese)
- ↑ Pimentel, Carolina (2005-08-08). "Brazil Wants to Pay Foreign Debt with Spanish Classes". Brazzil magazine. Archived from the original on 2008-10-11. Retrieved 2008-01-10.
- ↑ Lipski, John M.. "Too close for comfort? the genesis of “portuñol/portunhol”" (PDF). Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. ed. Timothy L. Face and Carol A. Klee, 1–22. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Retrieved on 2008-12-29.
- ↑ U.S. Census Bureau Archived 2009-03-02 at the Wayback Machine Hispanic or Latino by specific origin.
- ↑ U.S. Census Bureau 1. Archived 2020-02-12 at Archive.today Percent of People 5 Years and Over Who Speak Spanish at Home: 2006, U.S. Census Bureau 2. Archived 2020-02-12 at Archive.today 34,044,945 People 5 Years and Over Who Speak Spanish at Home: 2006
- ↑ Foreign language class enrollments in U.S. schools of higher learning PDF (129 KB), MLA Fall 2002.
- ↑ Facts, Figures, and Statistics About Spanish Archived 2008-12-20 at the Wayback Machine, American Demographics, 1998.
- ↑ "El refuerzo del español llega a los saharauis con una escuela en los campos de Tinduf". Archived from the original on 2012-12-21. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ↑ Ethnologue – Equatorial Guinea (2000)
- ↑ "CIA World Factbook – Equatorial Guinea (Last updated 20 September 2007)". Archived from the original on 31 ఆగస్టు 2020. Retrieved 1 మార్చి 2009.
- ↑ Morocco.com, The Languages of Morocco.
- ↑ 1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, thecorpusjuris.com, archived from the original on 2008-04-17, retrieved 2008-04-06 (See Article XV, Section 3(3)
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 Real Academia Española
- ↑ "3 Guys From Miami: Fruta Bomba". Archived from the original on 2009-08-30. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
- ↑ Urban Dictionary: papaya
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "Spanish". ethnologue.
- ↑ "Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
- ↑ Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas, 1st ed.: "[...] en el X Congreso de la Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, celebrado en 1994, se acordó adoptar el orden alfabético latino universal, en el que la ch y la ll no se consideran letras independientes. En consecuencia, las palabras que comienzan por estas dos letras, o que las contienen, pasan a alfabetizarse en los lugares que les corresponden dentro de la c y de la l, respectivamente. Esta reforma afecta únicamente al proceso de ordenación alfabética de las palabras, no a la composición del abecedario, del que los dígrafos ch y ll siguen formando parte."
- ↑ "No obstante, en el X Congreso de la Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, celebrado en 1994, se acordó adoptar para los diccionarios académicos, a petición de varios organismos internacionales, el orden alfabético latino universal, en el que la ch y la ll no se consideran letras independientes. En consecuencia, estas dos letras pasan a alfabetizarse en los lugares que les corresponden dentro de la C (entre -cg- y -ci-) y dentro de la L (entre -lk- y -lm-), respectivamente." Real Academia Española, Explanation at http://www.spanishpronto.com/ (in Spanish and English)
- ↑ "Abecedario". Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (in Spanish). Real Academia Española. 2005. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ Martínez-Celdrán et al (2003:255)
- ↑ Cressey (1978:152)
- ↑ Abercrombie (1967:98)
- ↑ Eddington (2000:96)
బయటి లింకులు
మార్చు- Spanish Nursery Class Archived 2009-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
- Dictionary of the RAE Real Academia Española's official Spanish language dictionary
- Spanish – BBC Languages
- English - Spanish - altogether 260348 entries.
- Spanish evolution from Latin
- Spanish phrasebook on Wikivoyage
- The Project Gutenberg EBook of A First Spanish Reader by Erwin W. Roessler and Alfred Remy.